Soil organic matter refers to various forms of carbon-containing organic compounds in the soil. It refers to the substances derived from life in the soil. It is the most active part of the soil, the basis of soil fertility, and one of the important indicators to measure soil fertility. It can be said that there is no soil fertility without soil organic matter. Seven major effects of soil organic matter on soil fertility.
I. EFFECT OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ON SOIL FERTILITY
The way has been far from meeting the current demand for planting. Taking banana as an example, in addition to a wide range of commercial organic fertilizer production, chicken manure, oil withered and other fertilizers are also used to increase nutrients and organic matter in planting. They have an indelible effect on improving the inherent quality of banana and the external color and yield of banana. However, the problems of antibiotics and heavy metals in chicken manure need to be noticed, such as burning caused by improper use. Roots also occur from time to time, requiring every grower to make rational choices and use them correctly in planting.
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1. It is the main source of soil nutrients.
Organic matter contains all kinds of nutrients needed for crop growth. It can directly or simply provide nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and various trace elements for crop growth. Especially in soil, more than 95% of nitrogen is in organic state. Because soil minerals generally do not contain nitrogen, in addition to nitrogen fertilizer, the main source of soil nitrogen is provided by decomposition of organic matter. Carbon dioxide produced by decomposition of soil organic matter can provide the need for photosynthesis of green plants. In addition, organic matter is also an important source of phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium and trace elements in soil.
Soil organic matter is rich in a variety of organic acids and humic acids. It has a certain solubility to the mineral part of the soil. It can promote mineral weathering and is beneficial to the effectiveness of some nutrients. Some metal ions complexed with organic acids and fulvic acids are retained in the soil solution without precipitation and increase the effectiveness.
2. Promoting crop growth and development
Humic acid in organic matter can enhance plant respiration, improve the permeability of cell membranes, and enhance the absorption of nutrients. At the same time, vitamins and some hormones in organic matter can promote plant growth and development.
The existence of organic matter can increase the availability of phosphorus in soil, increase the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer and increase the availability of trace elements in soil. It plays a very good role in promoting the absorption of phosphorus and trace elements. Comprehensive nutrient absorption is very important for crop growth. In addition, the presence of organic matter can also improve the content of humic acid in soil. The increase of humic acid content enhances the buffer capacity of soil to the change of acidity and alkalinity. Stabilizing acidity and alkalinity in a certain range is also a good environment for crop growth.
3. Promoting the formation of soil structure, improving soil physical properties and improving soil structure
Humus in organic matter is the main cementing agent of soil aggregates. Soil organic colloid is an indispensable cementing material to form water-stable aggregates. Therefore, it helps to form a good structure of viscous soil, thus changing the pore condition of soil and the ratio of water to air, and creating appropriate soil tightness. Soil organic matter is much less viscous than clay, only a fraction of clay. On the one hand, it can reduce the viscous soil, reduce the tillage resistance and improve the tillage quality. On the other hand, it can improve the aggregation of sandy soil, improve its excessively loose state, and effectively improve the soil permeability, water storage, aeration and root growth environment.
4. Improving the Fertilizer Conservation and Buffering Ability of Soil
Organic colloids in soil organic matter have a large number of negative charges and strong adsorption capacity. They can absorb a large number of cations and water. Their cation exchange capacity and water absorption are several times or even tens of times larger than clay, so they can improve the ability of soil to retain fertility and water, and also improve the buffer capacity of soil to acid and alkali.
In acidic soils, organic matter reduces the content of exchanged aluminum in soil by compounding with monomer aluminum, thus alleviating the harm of aluminum toxicity.
5. Promoting the Activity of Soil Microorganisms
Soil organic matter supplies energy and nutrients needed by soil microorganisms, which is beneficial to microbial activities. Without the presence of soil organic matter, there would not be all the biochemical processes in the soil.
Soil microorganisms can decompose organic matter, release nutrients for growth and utilization through the role of soil microorganisms, and form humus to improve soil tillage and structure. The presence of soil microorganisms can also decompose minerals to facilitate crop uptake and improve soil fertility. Organic matter can also stimulate the activities of microorganisms and animals, further increase the activity of soil enzymes, thus directly affecting the biochemical process of soil nutrient transformation.
Root germination of banana in soil with poor organic matter content
6. Improving soil temperature and stabilizing ecological environment
Organic matter is dark in color, usually brown to black-brown, and has strong heat absorption. Under the same sunshine conditions, its soil temperature is relatively high, which can improve the soil thermal condition and play an active role in protecting the roots from cold climate.
Soil organic matter has a strong affinity for pesticides and other organic pollutants, and has an important impact on the biological activity, residue, biodegradation, migration and evaporation of organic pollutants in soil. Soluble humic substances can increase the migration of pesticides from soil to groundwater, and can more effectively migrate pesticides and other substances. Humic substances can also act as reducing agents to change the structure and activity of pesticides and reduce toxicity.
7. Improving soil nutrients
Humus in organic matter has complexation, which helps to eliminate soil pollution. For low-yielding fields, increasing organic matter content can improve soil fertility and soil fertility. For high-yielding fields, organic matter needs to be continuously supplemented because of its continuous decomposition. Humus can form complexes or chelates with phosphorus, iron and aluminium ions to avoid precipitation of insoluble phosphate and increase the amount of available nutrients.
According to these important properties and functions of soil organic matter, it is not difficult to see.
Soil with high content of soil organic matter has a high level of soil fertility, which not only provides abundant nutrients for crop growth, but also has a strong ability of water and fertilizer conservation. It can reduce nutrient loss, save chemical fertilizer consumption and improve fertilizer utilization rate. In soils with less organic matter, the opposite is true. Therefore, we should do everything possible to increase the application of organic fertilizers, improve the content of soil organic matter, in order to give full play to the benefits of fertilizer production.
2. Ways to Increase Organic Matter
The application of organic fertilizer to improve the level of soil organic matter is a valuable experience summarized by the working people in the long-term production practice. The main sources of organic fertilizer include crop straw, green manure, manure, stable manure, compost, retting fertilizer, cake fertilizer, silkworm sand, fish manure, mud, pond mud and so on.
1. Increase the application of organic manure
Composting, retting, cake and human and animal manure are all good organic fertilizers. With the progress of technology, commercial organic fertilizer has been widely used in every corner of production. Choosing mature and good quality organic fertilizer is a direct and effective way to increase soil organic matter.
2. Promoting straw returning
It is very effective for increasing soil organic matter to vigorously popularize the technology model of maize straw mechanical comminution and field decomposition. After harvesting, the straw is chopped up and turned into the soil directly without composting, which means that the straw is returned to the field. Returning straw to field can promote the formation of soil structure, fix and preserve nitrogen, and promote the release of soil insoluble nutrients.
In banana planting, the harvested pseudostem contains abundant water and nutrients, especially potassium. In the process of banana clearing garden, the pseudostem is kept in the field for 1.2-1.5 meters, and the newly selected banana seedlings are returned to the field for a period of time, which is also a way of straw returning to the field. The fruit axes left after harvest can be crushed and scattered in banana orchards if conditions permit. It is also a method of returning straw to the field to effectively increase soil organic matter.
Banana pseudostem is also a way of returning straw to the field.
3. Planting green manure
Green manure refers to the fertilizer that turns the growing leguminous green plants into the soil. Planting green manure is a cultivated soil. Effective measures to increase yield include sesbania, sweet clover and overwintering vetch. Green manure can be specially planted, intercropped and intercropped, and then turned back into the land.
In banana plantations, close gramineous crops, such as maize, can be planted. When the maize reaches its adult stage, it can be cut up and sprayed in the whole garden and covered with soil.
4. Application of Organic-inorganic Compound Fertilizer
Adding organic matter to traditional large element fertilizers, such as some compound fertilizers or compound fertilizers, adds humic acid. Using these new fertilizers not only can supply traditional nutrients, but also can supplement materials with the function of improving soil, which is also a good compensation for soil organic matter.
5. Combination of Land Use and Land Nutrition
With the development of agricultural production, the multiple cropping index is getting higher and higher, which results in the decrease of organic matter content and fertility in many soils. Implementing crop and fertilizer rotation and intercropping system can not only maintain and improve the content of organic matter, but also improve the quality of soil organic matter and activate the aged humus. Paddy-upland rotation, especially after paddy field is changed, can effectively increase soil organic matter.
At present, many problems caused by the decrease of soil organic matter in banana planting frequently endanger banana production, such as acidification, banana Panamanian disease sweeping, root knot and perforating nematode difficult to control, proper fallow and rotation, increase the content of soil organic matter, which has a significant role in preventing the occurrence of pests and diseases.
How to Choose Organic Fertilizer
1. Compound fertilizers look at nutrients, organic fertilizers look at raw materials
There are many kinds of raw materials used as organic fertilizers, and their quality varies from good to bad, and their effects vary greatly. Commonly used are humic acid, municipal sludge, paper mill sludge, lignin, wastes from biochemical pharmaceutical factories and cake, etc. Humic acid raw materials can improve soil and root system to a certain extent, but have little supporting effect on beneficial bacteria in soil, so it has a general performance in fertilizer quality. However, due to the high content of heavy metals in municipal sludge and paper mill sludge, if there are omissions in the treatment process, it will cause artificial pollution of crops and loss of profits.
Increasing soil organic matter can lead to more and healthier roots
2. Although the organic matter content of lignin raw material is high, it is difficult to decompose lignin in soil, so the effect of lignin as a fertilizer can be imagined.
In recent years, organic fertilizers made from solid wastes of biochemical pharmaceutical plants by microbial decomposition have shown good results in the actual production of agriculture. This is because starch and cake components are added to the medium used in antibiotic production in biochemical pharmaceutical plants. The nutritive value of the components in these wastes is very high, and the effect of decomposition treatment as organic fertilizer is very remarkable.
3. Choosing suitable organic fertilizer according to the situation can not be measured or selected by price alone.
When planting vegetable crops with long growth period, such as melons and tomatoes, we should not only use commercial organic fertilizers, but also put them into farm manures and commercial organic fertilizers according to the ratio of 1:1, which can avoid the shortcoming of short effective period of commercial organic fertilizers. It is also essential to replenish beneficial microorganisms during crop change.
Organic matter is very important to the soil, and timely and appropriate supplementation of soil organic matter is very important to maintain soil fertility and physical and chemical properties. With the advent of large-scale planting, traditional organic supplements